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硒、硒蛋白和女性生育(綜述)
發(fā)表于:2019-05-13 作者:admin 來源:本站 點(diǎn)擊量:9409
摘要:硒(Se)是一種對動(dòng)物和人類健康有著多種重要功能的必需微量元素。根據(jù)最近三大生命領(lǐng)域的報(bào)道,硒的生物功能往往通過硒蛋白(由人體25種基因和小鼠24種基因編碼)實(shí)現(xiàn)。作為硒蛋白的組成部分,硒能發(fā)揮結(jié)構(gòu)功能和酶活性,在后者中,其酶促和抗氧化活性已廣為人知。在本綜述中,我們重點(diǎn)關(guān)注了硒和硒蛋白的生物功能,并對硒與女性生殖功能之間的關(guān)系作了詳細(xì)綜述。由于此類研究大多關(guān)注于硒在妊娠中的作用,硒水平與女性生殖能力相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)目前仍然缺乏,只有最近硒在卵巢生理分泌作用方面的一些數(shù)據(jù)。我們對硒或硒蛋白在調(diào)節(jié)女性生殖方面的分子和生物化學(xué)機(jī)制仍所知甚少,其在人類妊娠及其并發(fā)癥方面的作用仍然未被充分闡明。在低硒水平人群中進(jìn)行的隨機(jī)對照干預(yù)試驗(yàn)將會(huì)為闡明硒及硒蛋白的作用做出重要貢獻(xiàn)。同時(shí),對補(bǔ)充硒和硒蛋白(如GPX1、SELENOP和SELENOS)在卵巢功能和整體女性生殖能力方面的潛在效應(yīng)的闡明也具有極大價(jià)值。
關(guān)鍵詞:女性生育;繁殖;GPX1;不孕;卵巢功能;氧化應(yīng)激;子癇前期;硒;硒蛋白
1. 引言
硒(Se)是一種在分子和組織水平上對動(dòng)物和人體健康具有多種重要功能的必需微量元素,與多種病理生理學(xué)相關(guān)[1]。硒的生物功能主要通過硒蛋白(由25種人類基因和24種小鼠基因編碼的含硒蛋白)形式來實(shí)現(xiàn),報(bào)道顯示,真核生物、古細(xì)菌、真細(xì)菌這三個(gè)生命領(lǐng)域都存在硒蛋白,此外,在病毒中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了硒蛋白的存在[2-4]。作為硒蛋白的組成成分,硒具有結(jié)構(gòu)功能和酶相關(guān)功能。在后者中硒的催化和抗氧化活性被廣泛認(rèn)知[1]。
所有發(fā)現(xiàn)的哺乳動(dòng)物的硒蛋白中,只有少數(shù)硒蛋白被發(fā)現(xiàn)具有功能活性[4]。雖然這些硒蛋白作用的分子通路和所具有重要生物功能都各有不同,但它們至少都含有一種硒代半胱氨酸(Sec,一種含硒氨基酸,它是第21種自然形成的氨基酸,與其它翻譯后修飾的氨基酸不同,硒代氨基酸能通過生物合成嵌入到蛋白質(zhì)中[3,5]),并且其中大部分都能發(fā)揮氧化還原酶的作用[4,6]。包括DNA的脫氧核糖核苷合成、清除有害過氧化物、被氧化的蛋白和細(xì)胞膜的還原、調(diào)控氧化還原信號(hào)、甲狀腺激素代謝、蛋白質(zhì)折疊和硒的運(yùn)輸和貯存在內(nèi)的多種重要細(xì)胞生理活動(dòng)均被發(fā)現(xiàn)需依賴于硒蛋白進(jìn)行[4]。在此,我們選擇了一些與繁育、生殖和發(fā)育相關(guān)的哺乳動(dòng)物硒蛋白,并簡述總結(jié)于表1中。
硒通常以有機(jī)硒或無機(jī)硒的形式被攝取。硒形態(tài)對其在健康和組織生長方面的潛在益處和或毒性效應(yīng)有重要影響[7,40,41]。因此,對植源和動(dòng)物源食物中的硒形態(tài)的考量是十分重要的,此外,我們還需要對硒被植物吸收,以及在動(dòng)物體內(nèi)代謝的相關(guān)生物機(jī)制進(jìn)行闡明[42]。近期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),膳食硒的總攝入量和硒形態(tài)均對健康效應(yīng)有著重要影響,不過,硒形態(tài)對健康效應(yīng)的影響可能會(huì)相對更大[42]。不同哺乳動(dòng)物的硒推薦攝入量可見表2。
一些哺乳動(dòng)物研究驗(yàn)證了硒水平與男性[52,53]、女性[53,54]生殖功能之間的關(guān)系?,F(xiàn)有證據(jù)表明,硒在多種不良妊娠健康情況中具有重要意義,如子癇前期,自身免疫性甲狀腺疾病、流產(chǎn)和早產(chǎn)[29]。此外,缺硒或許對生育率下降、胎盤滯留和生殖疾病的發(fā)生(如子宮炎)具有重要影響[55]。硒增加帶來的生育率的增加或可歸因于妊娠30天內(nèi)的胚胎死亡率的下降[55]。大多數(shù)的女性研究主要集中在硒在妊娠中的作用[56-60],但最近也有關(guān)于硒在卵母細(xì)胞的發(fā)展和卵巢生理方面的潛能的相關(guān)研究被報(bào)道[8,53,61]。
2.硒和硒蛋白的運(yùn)輸
研究顯示,缺硒會(huì)導(dǎo)致硒蛋白濃度的下降[62]。Bosl及其同事發(fā)現(xiàn),純合子Trsp(-/-)胚胎合成硒蛋白的能力低下促進(jìn)了其胚胎死亡[63]。硒蛋白合成由tRNASec介導(dǎo),然而tRNASec自身的數(shù)量并不太可能限制硒蛋白合成,反而硒自身的可用性可能發(fā)揮了重要作用[63]。因此,孕婦為胚胎或胎兒提供硒對硒蛋白的合成是必需的[14]。硒經(jīng)胎盤進(jìn)行的運(yùn)輸具有雙向性,或會(huì)影響硒在孕婦、胎兒和新生兒組織中的凈滯留[7,64]。硒是否容易穿過女性胎盤組織或滲透包含在胎盤組織中目前仍不太清楚[7,65]。小鼠血漿中的兩種細(xì)胞外硒蛋白(硒蛋白P和谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶3(Gpx3))含有97%的硒[14,66]。硒蛋白P主要在肝臟中合成,再將硒運(yùn)往其它大部分組織[14,67],然而關(guān)于Gpx3在硒運(yùn)輸方面的作用的信息卻相對缺乏[14]。硒蛋白P的運(yùn)輸由載脂蛋白E受體2所介導(dǎo),后者可作為體循環(huán)中的硒發(fā)生細(xì)胞內(nèi)吞作用的媒介[14]。與其它組織和器官中的apoER2類似,胎盤中的apoER2似乎也能攝入硒蛋白P[14]。最近有報(bào)道表明硒蛋白P和Gpx3都可能參與了硒從孕婦到發(fā)育中的胚胎組織器官中的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)[14]。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)為硒的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)機(jī)制(卵黃囊與胎盤機(jī)制)提供了思路[14]。
小鼠實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),胚胎卵黃囊介導(dǎo)的母-胎硒轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)發(fā)生在妊娠早期,晚期則通過胎盤進(jìn)行[14,68]。胚胎卵黃囊能吸收子宮中含有硒蛋白P和Gpx3的液體進(jìn)而實(shí)現(xiàn)硒運(yùn)輸,而胎盤則通過apoER2介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞內(nèi)吞作用吸收母體血液中的硒蛋白P[14]。這兩種吸收機(jī)制都依賴于硒蛋白并需在特殊機(jī)體環(huán)境下進(jìn)行(如缺硒)[14]。然而,也有研究表明硒的這種運(yùn)輸也可獨(dú)立于硒蛋白P和Gpx3(血漿硒蛋白)進(jìn)行[14]。硒蛋白P和Gpx3基因敲除小鼠能夠在高硒飲食中存活,表明硒到組織還有其它運(yùn)輸途徑[14,66,68]。由此可推斷或許存在兩種特定水平下的硒轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)機(jī)制:低級機(jī)制和高級機(jī)制[14]。低級機(jī)制(可能涉及硒多糖或其它小分子硒化物)似乎并不直接依賴于硒蛋白[14],而高度依賴于妊娠母體的硒水平,這種機(jī)制降低了缺硒條件下的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)效率和在硒充足條件下的有效性 [14,68]。另一方面,高級機(jī)制(硒蛋白P-apoER2機(jī)制[69])即使在膳食硒不足的情況下也能夠根據(jù)需求將硒運(yùn)輸?shù)桨邢蚪M織中[14]。Burk等人發(fā)現(xiàn)胚胎卵黃囊介導(dǎo)的硒運(yùn)輸就具有高等運(yùn)輸機(jī)制的特點(diǎn)[14]。雖然這種運(yùn)輸不由硒蛋白受體介導(dǎo),但它明顯依賴于細(xì)胞對硒蛋白攝入,并在硒缺乏條件下也依然有效[14]。因此,無論是胚胎卵黃囊還是胎盤都能通過高等機(jī)制來實(shí)現(xiàn)母-胎硒運(yùn)輸(硒蛋白依賴),從而為缺硒孕婦的胎兒提供保護(hù)[14,68]。
3.硒蛋白在女性生殖器官中的表達(dá)
無機(jī)硒和有機(jī)硒均與硒蛋白P的表達(dá)調(diào)控相關(guān)[7]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),妊娠期大鼠的胎盤中的硒含量和硒蛋白的表達(dá)水平會(huì)同時(shí)上升[7]。許多硒蛋白如硒蛋白P、碘甲狀腺原氨酸脫碘酶3(Dio3)和硫氧還蛋白還原酶(Txnrd)均會(huì)在子宮內(nèi)表達(dá)[7,70]。同時(shí),有證據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn)GPX1、GPX2、GPX3、GPX4、SELENOS(也被稱為VIMP)、SELENOT、SELENOF、SELENOH、SEPHS2、DIO3、DIO1和SELENOM等其它硒蛋白在牛卵巢顆粒細(xì)胞中也會(huì)表達(dá)[8]。小的、閉塞的牛卵泡中觀察到了健康牛卵泡所沒有的硒蛋白P表達(dá)上調(diào)和GPX1、GPX3表達(dá)下調(diào)[71]。在妊娠期小鼠中還觀察到了胎盤和子宮中硒蛋白P的表達(dá)改變[7,72]。足月小鼠生產(chǎn)前四天其硒蛋白水平出現(xiàn)了不尋常地增長,并達(dá)到了峰值[72]。此外,硒蛋白在小鼠胎兒肝臟中也被發(fā)現(xiàn)具有早期表達(dá)[72]。
甲狀腺激素對哺乳動(dòng)物的生育能力尤為重要,貫穿了胚胎發(fā)育始終[73]。在人類和嚙齒動(dòng)物中,缺乏甲狀腺激素與生育能力降低、發(fā)情周期失調(diào)、子宮結(jié)構(gòu)與著床受損,以及其它哺乳動(dòng)物妊娠問題相關(guān)[73]。Galton及其同事發(fā)現(xiàn),妊娠小鼠的子宮中的Dio3 mRNA具有顯著更高水平的表達(dá)[30]。Dio3的表達(dá)具有時(shí)間和區(qū)域特異性,例如,妊娠第九天發(fā)現(xiàn)子宮中層和抗中層蛻膜中存在Dio3的高度表達(dá)[7,30]。此外,著床位置也可觀察到Dio3 mRNA及其相關(guān)活動(dòng)[30]。Dio3在著床位置上的這種高水平表達(dá)可能是出于對暴露于母體甲狀腺激素中的胎兒發(fā)育的一種保護(hù)[7,30]。此外,在人類胎盤細(xì)胞中,Dio3活性隨胎齡增加而增加[7,74]。有力證據(jù)表明,妊娠期的胎盤組織在調(diào)節(jié)胎兒在母體甲狀腺激素中的暴露水平方面發(fā)揮著重要作用[30]。此外,在合胞體滋養(yǎng)層和細(xì)胞滋養(yǎng)層、胎盤血管內(nèi)皮層和臍帶羊膜、子宮蛻膜、胎兒上皮和非妊娠子宮內(nèi)膜中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了較高的Dio3表達(dá)[31]。這些研究結(jié)果表明,甲狀腺激素水平的區(qū)域性調(diào)控對女性生育的全部階段都具有重要作用[31]。其它一些因素也被認(rèn)為對胎盤和子宮具有影響[7]。硫氧還蛋白還原酶(TPX)和TXNRD在人類和嚙齒動(dòng)物胎盤中也具有區(qū)域特異性表達(dá)[7,75,76]。組織化學(xué)觀察表明,這兩種蛋白酶都集中在子宮內(nèi)膜和干細(xì)胞間質(zhì)細(xì)胞的胚胎滋養(yǎng)層和上皮組織中[7,75,76],有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),這兩種蛋白能在炎癥環(huán)境下保護(hù)胎盤組織。
4.硒在卵泡發(fā)育和卵巢功能中的作用
卵巢顆粒細(xì)胞的生長是卵泡發(fā)育過程(如卵泡形成)的一個(gè)重要特征。初級小濾泡的增殖(伴隨著更少的卵巢顆粒細(xì)胞)發(fā)育為排卵前期的成熟卵泡(伴隨著多層細(xì)胞)是卵泡生成過程中的特征性事件[77]。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),硒也許能調(diào)控卵巢顆粒細(xì)胞的生長,成人卵巢體外實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),硒或許還能調(diào)控17β-雌二醇的生物合成[77]。近期研究也證實(shí)了在健康卵泡中硒和硒蛋白水平的上升,這也許是為了在卵泡后期和增殖階段提供重要的抗氧化功能[8]。然而,人們對硒在卵巢功能和發(fā)育中的這種調(diào)節(jié)作用現(xiàn)在仍知之甚少[78]。Grazul-Bilska及其同事研究發(fā)現(xiàn),相較于硒適當(dāng)組(6μg/kg bw),孕期膳食中的高硒水平(80μg/kg bw)抑制了初級、次生、竇卵泡、基質(zhì)和羊水中胎兒血管系統(tǒng)的生長。伴隨著高硒飲食,原始卵泡增殖數(shù)和原始卵泡標(biāo)記指數(shù)(增殖細(xì)胞百分比)出現(xiàn)下降[78]。
4.1 體外和動(dòng)物模型試驗(yàn)證據(jù)
亞硒酸鈉(無機(jī)硒)不僅能促進(jìn)卵母細(xì)胞生長,還能提高膜細(xì)胞和顆粒細(xì)胞的增殖率。為了驗(yàn)證這一假設(shè),Basini和Tamanini進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)體外實(shí)驗(yàn),結(jié)果表明補(bǔ)充亞硒酸鈉(5ng/ml)促進(jìn)了牛顆粒細(xì)胞的增殖,并對E2合成起到了一定刺激作用。這些作用可以至少部分通過抑制一氧化氮的生成來實(shí)現(xiàn)[77]。此外,這些作用還可能受到了顆粒細(xì)胞中的某些未知的硒依賴性抗氧化酶的影響[77]。在另一項(xiàng)體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中,Kamada和Ikumo發(fā)現(xiàn)在培養(yǎng)基中添加5和200ppb的硒能促進(jìn)牛黃體細(xì)胞的增殖,并具有抑制ROS危害的潛力[79]。GPX還被發(fā)現(xiàn)能刺激FSH的活性來抑制培養(yǎng)的大鼠卵巢中卵泡的凋亡[80]。另外,缺硒被證明能促進(jìn)大鼠的卵巢退化和卵泡閉鎖[81]。最近,Yao及其同事進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)體外研究來闡明硒在山羊黃體顆粒細(xì)胞增殖和甾體激素生物合成中作用的潛在機(jī)制[61]。增殖細(xì)胞核抗原(PCNA)、Akt、磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)等生物標(biāo)記物表主要在卵巢卵母細(xì)胞和顆粒細(xì)胞中表達(dá)[61]。黃體顆粒細(xì)胞增殖能被5ng/ml硒顯著刺激[61]。這種增殖或許是通過上調(diào)PCNA、周期依賴激酶1(CDK1)、磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶(p-AMPK,Thr172)和磷酸化Akt(p-Akt,Ser473)等生物標(biāo)記物的表達(dá)和下調(diào)p21的表達(dá)來實(shí)現(xiàn)的[61]。同樣,用硒處理還促進(jìn)了雌二醇分泌,并顯著上調(diào)了抗氧化酶(GPX和SOD2)和甾類生成相關(guān)基因(3β-HSD和StAR)的表達(dá)[61]。此外,最近還有研究聚焦于硒在牛卵巢組織中的生物積累[8]。Ceko及其同事通過射線熒光成像技術(shù)成功在大的、健康的卵泡中鑒定出了硒,同時(shí),與黃體相比,在牛卵泡的細(xì)胞膜上鑒定出了高出黃體10倍左右的硒含量[8]。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)均表明,抗氧化型的硒蛋白主要在卵泡中發(fā)揮潛在作用,例如,在升高的ROS及其相關(guān)氧化損傷中保護(hù)卵泡。
4.2 人類研究證據(jù)
女性生殖與硒水平、硒依賴性GPX催化活性之間的關(guān)系在極少數(shù)的幾項(xiàng)研究中得到了驗(yàn)證,這些研究發(fā)現(xiàn),低硒與低濾泡液水平與更高的不孕癥發(fā)生有關(guān)[82]。1995年,Paszkowski及其同事首次在人類濾泡液中發(fā)現(xiàn)了硒,其中的酶活性表現(xiàn)出硒依賴性[10]。研究者們還評估了來自112位患者陰道卵母細(xì)胞的135個(gè)濾泡液樣本,發(fā)現(xiàn)相較于那些知曉病因的不孕癥患者(如輸卵管不孕或與男性因素相關(guān)的不孕),具有特發(fā)性不孕癥的患者的濾泡硒水平顯著降低[10]?;谠摪l(fā)現(xiàn),研究者們推測,濾泡微環(huán)境中的含硒酶GPX的抗氧化活性或許在配子發(fā)生和受精過程中發(fā)揮了重要作用[10]。最近,Ceko的研究團(tuán)隊(duì)提出GPX1在測定卵泡生長、成熟和優(yōu)勢中具有重要作用[8]?;诖?,源自卵丘卵母細(xì)胞復(fù)合體(COCs)的人類卵丘細(xì)胞(CCs)被用于體外受精(IVF)和卵母細(xì)胞胞漿內(nèi)單精子注射[8]。這些在胚胎移植前從COCs中恢復(fù)的CCs在妊娠期中的GPX1表達(dá)明顯高于那些妊娠失敗者[8]。許多研究者們還發(fā)現(xiàn)在膳食硒缺乏的情況下會(huì)出現(xiàn)GPX1表達(dá)下降,這表明部分卵巢疾病也許能通過補(bǔ)硒進(jìn)行改善[8]。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)將會(huì)成為飲食硒攝入、GPX1的體內(nèi)表達(dá)、排卵相關(guān)疾病等相關(guān)流行病學(xué)研究的基礎(chǔ)[8,9]。
5. 硒在卵巢病理及輔助生殖技術(shù)相關(guān)的氧化應(yīng)激中的意義
氧化應(yīng)激、女性生育能力降低和缺硒之間的相關(guān)性是另一個(gè)需要我們調(diào)查和研究的領(lǐng)域[83]。一個(gè)有益的事實(shí)是,子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥(如多囊性子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥)中ROS的過度生成可能導(dǎo)致硒的過度消耗(因硒的抗氧化作用)。低硒水平則會(huì)導(dǎo)致伴隨著ROS增加的氧化還原水平失衡,后者被認(rèn)為是多囊卵巢綜合癥的誘發(fā)因素。無論如何,機(jī)體的低硒水平會(huì)導(dǎo)致對自由基誘導(dǎo)損傷的防御下降,這或許可歸因于硒參與硒蛋白的形成并與其抗氧化能力密切相關(guān)[84]。
5.1 人類研究
對患有不孕癥或原發(fā)性卵巢功能不全(POI)的卵巢自身免疫性患者的鑒定也許可借鑒化療、環(huán)境、遺傳和輻射相關(guān)因素患者并尋找替代治療方案[85]。硒結(jié)合蛋白1(SBP1)對卵巢自身免疫相關(guān)的不孕癥和POI具有特殊意義[85]。Edassery及其同事在特發(fā)性不孕癥的婦女中發(fā)現(xiàn)了與血清自身抗體相關(guān)的抗原分子。在患有特發(fā)性不孕癥和卵巢功能早衰的女性中發(fā)現(xiàn)了明顯更高水平的SBP1[85]。印度的Singh等人研究了經(jīng)歷過體外受精(IVF)的子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥和輸卵管不孕癥的女性的濾泡液中的氧化應(yīng)激標(biāo)記物,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)與對照相比,子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥患者的濾泡液中的ROS和丙二醛生成顯著增加[86]。此外,相較于長期輸卵管不孕不育的女性,子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥合并不孕的女性濾泡液中的硒水平顯著降低[86]。2013年土耳其的一項(xiàng)研究表明,36位患有多囊卵巢綜合征的女性的血漿硒水平顯著低于對照組(n=33,BMI健康女性)[87]。這些多囊卵巢綜合征女性患者的硒水平降低可能與高雄激素血癥有關(guān)[87]。
此外,適量補(bǔ)充包括硒在內(nèi)的微量元素被發(fā)現(xiàn)也許能顯著影響濾泡微環(huán)境中的氧化還原平衡,從而影響IVF結(jié)果[88]。最近兩項(xiàng)關(guān)于ART的臨床試驗(yàn)(Luddi等[88]和Jimenez Tunon等[89])發(fā)現(xiàn),補(bǔ)硒(以微量元素形式)也許能改善IVF結(jié)局(表3)。這些研究均因其樣本量過少而存在局限性,另一局限性在于這兩項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)均是將硒與其它微量元素合用進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充,因而不能完全排除其它微量元素的影響。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)或許能在一定程度上為臨床醫(yī)生應(yīng)對經(jīng)IVF治療的女性時(shí)提供一些參考[88]。然而,我們?nèi)孕鑼υ袐D在懷孕期間的營養(yǎng)進(jìn)行的機(jī)械和流行病學(xué)研究,特別是對多種微量營養(yǎng)素及其相互作用的研究,來充分闡明這些因素在成功生育和懷孕中的重要性[90]。
5.2 體外研究
一般來說,胚胎因比成年人更低的抗氧化酶活性從而使其對氧化損傷尤為敏感[91,92]。為了維持胚胎的生存能力與質(zhì)量,一般需要特定的培養(yǎng)基。雖然,許多胚胎的培養(yǎng)環(huán)境容易實(shí)現(xiàn),但要實(shí)現(xiàn)胚胎發(fā)育的最優(yōu)環(huán)境卻具一定的困難。目前,一項(xiàng)關(guān)于促進(jìn)囊胚發(fā)育物質(zhì)的研究正在進(jìn)行[93,94]。為了確保所培養(yǎng)的細(xì)胞中的硒蛋白能正常進(jìn)行生物合成,主流培養(yǎng)基中往往都會(huì)添加硒元素[94-96]。具有酶促活性的GPX不僅依賴于硒和維生素B6,同時(shí)也依賴于谷胱甘肽(GSH)活性[97]。豬卵母細(xì)胞中的GSH的數(shù)量不僅與受精相關(guān),也與促進(jìn)胚胎著床發(fā)育相關(guān)。胚胎期的GSH會(huì)不斷減少,并在在囊胚期達(dá)到最低點(diǎn)。值得注意的是,在這一時(shí)期,內(nèi)源性ROS的水平將達(dá)到最高[98]。由此可推斷,GSH的降低與ROS的升高對正常分化過程具有一定的功能性意義[99,100]。此外,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ROS或許對小鼠胚泡中的細(xì)胞凋亡發(fā)揮著重要調(diào)控作用[99]。
在胚胎培養(yǎng)基中添加硒能減少氧化損傷、調(diào)控細(xì)胞凋亡進(jìn)而提高豬單性生殖胚胎的發(fā)育能力和總體質(zhì)量[94]。在培養(yǎng)基中添加亞硒酸鈉(2.5和25ng/ml)也被發(fā)現(xiàn)能提高囊胚率、細(xì)胞數(shù)和內(nèi)細(xì)胞群比例,從而減少豬孤雌生殖胚胎中的細(xì)胞凋亡,以及BAX/BCL-xL基因比值和Caspase3的表達(dá),并提高其GPX和ERK1/2的表達(dá)[94]。此外,補(bǔ)硒還能提高體外成熟卵母細(xì)胞細(xì)胞內(nèi)的GPX濃度和活性,調(diào)控基因表達(dá),改善體外受精的牛胚胎的囊胚發(fā)育和質(zhì)量。近期中國的一個(gè)研究團(tuán)隊(duì)研究了濾泡液中的硒濃度和補(bǔ)硒對細(xì)胞分裂的影響,CCs中DNA的完整性,卵母細(xì)胞的發(fā)育能力,去除卵丘的卵母細(xì)胞中的GPX活性,和體外培育的牦牛卵母細(xì)胞中的硒相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)[53]。隨著在體外培養(yǎng)基中添加硒(2和4μg/ml亞硒酸鈉),與對照組(0μg/ml亞硒酸鈉)相比,加硒組中所培養(yǎng)的卵丘細(xì)胞中的DNA損傷顯著降低。同時(shí),總GPX活性、囊胚形成率以及硒相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)都被顯著上調(diào)[53]。
另一項(xiàng)體外研究聚焦于亞硒酸鈉的作用。Abedelahi的實(shí)驗(yàn)組研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在培養(yǎng)基中添加5或10ng/ml亞硒酸鈉能減輕從玻璃化和非玻璃化卵巢組織中獲得的竇前卵泡中由ROS引起的氧化應(yīng)激,并提高其總抗氧化能力(TAC)和GPX活性[101]。此外,硒處理組的卵泡、卵母細(xì)胞和胚胎的發(fā)育率也顯著上升[101]。同樣的,在其早期的體外研究中,該研究團(tuán)隊(duì)也發(fā)現(xiàn)在培養(yǎng)基中添加5和10ng/ml亞硒酸鈉將會(huì)對卵泡和卵母細(xì)胞的生長和生存能力發(fā)揮出出劑量依賴性的改善作用,這些作用或可歸因于硒能以劑量依賴的方式發(fā)揮廣譜抗氧化能力[102]。綜上所述,這些發(fā)現(xiàn)可在某種程度上為促進(jìn)體外卵母細(xì)胞成熟以及提高哺乳動(dòng)物卵母細(xì)胞和胚胎的發(fā)育能力提供一些參考,也可作為該領(lǐng)域未來研究的基礎(chǔ)。
6.母體補(bǔ)充膳食硒的作用
在妊娠期間,母體補(bǔ)充膳食硒不僅能加強(qiáng)抗氧化活性,促進(jìn)雌二醇、孕酮和T4生成,還能提高機(jī)體對主要營養(yǎng)成分的新陳代謝[103]。最近幾項(xiàng)研究評估了使用有機(jī)硒或無機(jī)硒合并其它維生素(如VB6)對母體進(jìn)行營養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充的作用。結(jié)果表明,VB6對有機(jī)硒在硒依賴性GPX的抗氧化防御系統(tǒng)中的代謝有著重要作用[104-106]。補(bǔ)充膳食硒對母體的氧化應(yīng)激、抗氧化活性、胚胎發(fā)育和生育能力的影響相關(guān)的一系列動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)被總結(jié)在表4中。
7.硒和胎盤中的氧化應(yīng)激
補(bǔ)硒對GPX和TXNRD等內(nèi)源性抗氧化酶的表達(dá)和活性是非常重要的。在細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)中,補(bǔ)硒緩解了細(xì)胞模型中的氧化應(yīng)激引發(fā)的損傷,從而為微量元素補(bǔ)充劑在減輕某些妊娠相關(guān)疾病中的安全效用和關(guān)鍵機(jī)制提供了些許思路[32,110-112]。胎盤中的氧化應(yīng)激對妊娠并發(fā)癥(如子癇前期,子宮內(nèi)生長受限,妊娠期糖尿病和早產(chǎn))的病理生理和發(fā)生具有重要意義[110]。充分闡明胎盤氧化應(yīng)激引起的胚胎滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞凋亡的相關(guān)機(jī)制也許能為先兆子癇的預(yù)防提供新的干預(yù)措施,據(jù)報(bào)道,先兆子癇為美國帶來了每年超過8萬的早產(chǎn)兒,在全球范圍內(nèi)造成了每年約七萬五千名產(chǎn)婦的死亡[19,111]。近期一些報(bào)道揭示了硒提高整體滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞的線粒體功能和生物合成的潛在機(jī)制[32,59,110-112]。這些結(jié)果表明,硒帶來的這些益處是通過提高抗氧化功能、減少ROS產(chǎn)物從而保護(hù)線粒體功能并增加線粒體生物合成來實(shí)現(xiàn)的[112]。此外,SELENOH被發(fā)現(xiàn)能激活NRF1和PGC-1α等轉(zhuǎn)錄因子來促進(jìn)胚胎滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞中的線粒體生物合成[113]。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)有助于闡明滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞對氧化應(yīng)激的響應(yīng)機(jī)制,以及硒如何調(diào)控相關(guān)基因,進(jìn)而通過調(diào)節(jié)線粒體功能來改善細(xì)胞存活率及其侵襲能力[114]。補(bǔ)硒在改善胎盤滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞系的線粒體生物合成和功能的近期相關(guān)研究匯總于表5中。
8.硒對妊娠的影響
大量研究已經(jīng)證實(shí),硒參與了GPX、SELENOP、TXNRD族等硒蛋白的生物合成,從而對妊娠有著重要作用,尤其是在妊娠期間氧化應(yīng)激增加的情況下[115]。因此,抗氧化防御機(jī)制對調(diào)控氧化應(yīng)激極其重要,甚至還與圍產(chǎn)期發(fā)病率和死亡率相關(guān)[116-118]。值得注意的是,硒水平與妊娠并發(fā)癥進(jìn)展的關(guān)系現(xiàn)在仍未被充分闡明。然而,低硒水平與不良胚胎結(jié)局之間的關(guān)系已被證實(shí)。大量橫截面和病例對照實(shí)驗(yàn)并未發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者之間存在明顯的因果關(guān)系。因此我們可以推斷,妊娠并發(fā)癥及隨后結(jié)果可能與低硒水平有關(guān),也可能僅僅是母體對氧化應(yīng)激狀態(tài)升高的簡單生理反應(yīng)[119]。
“妊娠前硒水平是否比妊娠期硒水平對預(yù)防妊娠高血壓更重要?”這一假設(shè)目前仍需進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證[15]。一般來說,硒水平可能會(huì)對卵母細(xì)胞發(fā)育、受精以及著床帶來影響[8,15]。因此推薦的做法是在妊娠期增加硒攝入[120]。此外,一些關(guān)于硒對生殖健康作用的研究推薦的妊娠期最佳補(bǔ)硒時(shí)間點(diǎn)差異較大。因此,迄今為止補(bǔ)硒的最佳時(shí)間依然沒有定論[121]。與硒相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵信息缺乏,在很大程度上得到了其他報(bào)告的補(bǔ)充,這些報(bào)告鼓勵(lì)進(jìn)一步闡明補(bǔ)充微量元素的時(shí)間點(diǎn)對妊娠結(jié)果的潛在影響[122,123]。2017年,Mamon和Ramos進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)小鼠研究指出,妊娠期間補(bǔ)硒(3.0μg/d)的最佳時(shí)間在于圍孕期的不同階段[121]。與對照組及妊娠前-妊娠期補(bǔ)硒組相比,研究者們僅在妊娠前補(bǔ)硒組和僅在妊娠期補(bǔ)硒組中觀察到了囊胚質(zhì)量的提高和胚胎植入前的損失降低[121]。這些結(jié)果表明,妊娠前和妊娠期是圍孕期補(bǔ)硒的兩個(gè)最佳時(shí)間段,僅在其中一個(gè)時(shí)期補(bǔ)硒能提高囊胚的發(fā)育能力和胚胎植入的成功率[121]。
最近,一項(xiàng)小樣本實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,硒與多種妊娠并發(fā)癥相關(guān)[15,37,124,125]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),基線硒水平的人群的血清硒與SELENOP水平正相關(guān)[124]。此外,在正常懷孕期間,全血硒濃度因妊娠發(fā)生下降了12%[37,126,127]。血漿體積相同的情況下,妊娠期全血硒濃度下降的另一可能原因在于硒通過在胎盤中高度表達(dá)的SELENOP被轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)給了胎兒[68,72]。相反,更高的硒水平則與更低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的流產(chǎn)和早產(chǎn)相關(guān)。一些隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)表明,高硒攝入或高硒水平對子癇前癥和自身免疫性甲狀腺疾病有益。硒能改善氧化應(yīng)激、內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激和炎癥(圖1),從而保護(hù)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng),調(diào)控類二十烷酸的生成,調(diào)控血管張力,以及抑制感染,這些對妊娠期可能都是至關(guān)重要的[29]。
英國的一項(xiàng)覆蓋了230名初產(chǎn)孕婦的雙盲安慰劑對照先導(dǎo)實(shí)驗(yàn)中,將妊娠12-14周的孕婦隨機(jī)分組并為其提供60μg/d富硒酵母或安慰劑直至分娩[37]。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),補(bǔ)硒組在12-35周之間的全血硒濃度顯著增加,而安慰劑組則顯著降低。同樣的,補(bǔ)硒組在妊娠35周時(shí)的全血硒和血漿SELENOP水平顯著高于安慰劑組[37]。此外,該研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)補(bǔ)硒和血清可溶性血管內(nèi)皮生長因子受體-1(sFlt-1)呈負(fù)相關(guān),表明補(bǔ)硒有益于限制sFlt-1的生成從而具有抗血管生成的能力,并有益于改善子癇前期的病理生理。這是唯一調(diào)查并得出了“低硒水平人群補(bǔ)硒與子癇前期風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)”結(jié)果的研究[37]。此外,最近一項(xiàng)報(bào)告顯示波蘭孕婦孕周硒水平逐月下降,導(dǎo)致大量孕婦發(fā)展成嚴(yán)重缺硒。妊娠期女性的平均硒和SELENOP水平也被發(fā)現(xiàn)在不斷下降[124]。該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在所有組的孕婦的三個(gè)月妊娠期中,硒與SELENOP濃度正相關(guān)[124]。相同現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)在最近另一項(xiàng)關(guān)于波蘭母親與子女定群的研究中:孕婦的血漿硒濃度從第一個(gè)月到第三個(gè)月下降了23%(48.3+/-10.6到37.3+/-9.8μg/L)[125]。
子宮內(nèi)生長受限是圍產(chǎn)期死亡率的首要原因,影響了10-15%孕婦[128,129]。有報(bào)道顯示,更高水平的ROS和炎癥生物標(biāo)記物在子宮內(nèi)生長限制的發(fā)育和病理過程中起重要作用[130,131]。Mesdaghinia及其同事開展的一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)雙盲安慰劑對照試驗(yàn)以研究補(bǔ)硒對子宮內(nèi)生長限制高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)孕婦(n=60)的臨床癥狀和代謝狀況的影響[131]。
硒還與其它妊娠并發(fā)癥相關(guān),如習(xí)慣性流產(chǎn)[56,132,133]、小于胎齡兒[119,134]和產(chǎn)后甲狀腺功能不足[135]。一些隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)和觀察性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),硒能減少甲狀腺過氧化物酶抗體水平以及甲狀腺功能減退和產(chǎn)后甲狀腺疾病的發(fā)生[136]。甲狀腺過氧化物酶抗體陽性的孕婦將會(huì)有更高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)發(fā)展成產(chǎn)后甲狀腺功能不全(PPTD)和永久性甲狀腺功能減退[135]。而硒被發(fā)現(xiàn)能減輕自身免疫性甲狀腺炎患者的甲狀腺炎[135]。一項(xiàng)關(guān)于甲狀腺過氧化物酶抗體陽性(TPOAb陽性)孕婦的高質(zhì)量隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)[135]發(fā)現(xiàn),與安慰劑對照組相比,每天補(bǔ)充200μg硒代蛋氨酸顯著減少了TPOAb效價(jià),降低了甲狀腺炎、產(chǎn)后甲狀腺疾病和永久性甲狀腺功能減退的發(fā)生[135]。雖然現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)證明補(bǔ)硒能以某種方式有益于減少缺硒孕婦并發(fā)癥發(fā)生,然而,正在開展或未來將要開展的干預(yù)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果可能會(huì)加強(qiáng)或否定增加硒攝入的觀點(diǎn)。
9.硒和硒蛋白對生殖系統(tǒng)癌癥的影響
人們關(guān)于硒在癌癥發(fā)生和癌癥治療方面的作用已經(jīng)爭論了數(shù)十年,硒蛋白會(huì)預(yù)防、抑制還是促進(jìn)癌癥發(fā)展目前仍爭論不休[137]。卵巢癌是女性第五大癌癥死因,具有最高的總體死亡率和較低的五年生存率[138]。超過90%的卵巢癌是上皮性卵巢癌(EOC),EOC中包括了病理和分子學(xué)特征不同的多種類型[138]。一些文獻(xiàn)證據(jù)表明,硒和硒蛋白能在卵巢癌等女性生殖系統(tǒng)癌癥中發(fā)揮作用 [139]。與健康女性相比,患有宮頸良性腫瘤及癌癥、子宮體癌或卵巢癌的女性的血漿硒和GPX活性顯著降低[140]。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)表明,患有女性生殖系統(tǒng)相關(guān)腫瘤的女性往往伴隨著更低的抗氧化能力(與硒相關(guān))[140]。Agnani等發(fā)現(xiàn),患有乳頭狀漿液性卵巢癌的女性的GPX3活性呈階段依賴性降低[139]。同時(shí),在腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)的女性患者中的血漿GPX3水平也被觀察到出現(xiàn)降低,且當(dāng)患者和對照組只納入50歲以上的女性時(shí),這些水平依賴性降低變得更加明顯[139]。此外,在大鼠和人類中觀察到在所有級別的子宮內(nèi)膜腺癌中均出現(xiàn)了GPX3下調(diào)[139,141]。一些早期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),細(xì)胞上皮性卵巢癌組織中的GPX3高于對照組[142-144]。雖然其潛在分子學(xué)機(jī)制未被充分闡明,但這些結(jié)果已經(jīng)表明GPX3活性存在腫瘤特異性[138]。在一項(xiàng)近期研究中,Wu及其同事發(fā)現(xiàn)六氟化鉑敏感組中的GPX3相較于六氟化鉑耐受組被下調(diào)[138]。故此可推斷,GPX3抑制腫瘤的作用機(jī)制可能主要?dú)w因于啟動(dòng)子的超甲基化、c-Met表達(dá)的失調(diào)以及能清除有害自由基的抗氧化酶的作用[138]。然而,GPX3響應(yīng)抗腫瘤藥物的這種潛在機(jī)制中仍然存在大量未知,需要進(jìn)一步闡明[138]。不過,硒和硒蛋白的這些作用也許能為生殖系統(tǒng)癌癥的靶向治療和預(yù)防提供策略。
10.總結(jié)
在本綜述中,我們綜合闡述了硒與硒蛋白在生殖以及一些與動(dòng)物、人類生育相關(guān)疾病中的作用。從早期動(dòng)物和人類研究中可看出,硒與硒蛋白能調(diào)控抗氧化平衡,因而對女性的最優(yōu)生殖而言是必需的。
硒與硒蛋白在某些女性生育領(lǐng)域的作用目前仍未被充分闡明,需要進(jìn)一步研究與思考,這些領(lǐng)域包括母體膳食硒攝入對氧化應(yīng)激的影響,硒對胎兒卵巢發(fā)育與功能的影響,補(bǔ)硒對改善胎盤氧化應(yīng)激的作用等。此外,人們對懷孕前時(shí)期的卵巢生理學(xué)方面,尤其是激素合成和卵巢濾泡發(fā)育方面關(guān)注較少,此外,生殖效率和生殖健康也缺乏關(guān)注。最近一些動(dòng)物體外實(shí)驗(yàn)證據(jù)表明硒和硒蛋白在卵母細(xì)胞成熟和受精中具有潛在作用,然而體內(nèi)對照試驗(yàn)仍然大幅度缺乏。此外,硒與硒蛋白在不同卵巢疾?。òò┌Y)中作用的證據(jù)也較少且具有較大不確定性。同時(shí),硒和硒蛋白在改善由輔助生殖技術(shù)(如IVF)和胚胎發(fā)育引起的氧化和氮化應(yīng)激中的作用也未被充分闡明。另外,硒和硒蛋白與女性生殖(動(dòng)物和人類)之間的關(guān)系仍存在許多問題等待人們回答。對這些問題的回答將會(huì)有助于闡明硒這種潛力非凡的微量元素對女性生育及健康的潛在生物功能。
補(bǔ)硒的響應(yīng)曲線呈現(xiàn)U型,這意味著補(bǔ)硒雖然對缺硒個(gè)體有益,但對硒含量充足的個(gè)體或許會(huì)為其帶來健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[145]。因此,我們必須將硒攝入量維持在合理范圍,特別是對那些具有適當(dāng)或高硒水平的人群。關(guān)于補(bǔ)硒對妊娠期的影響,一些在硒水平較低的人群中進(jìn)行的高質(zhì)量隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)呈現(xiàn)出了令人振奮的結(jié)果[37]。然而,這些試驗(yàn)在未來仍需要納入更多樣本數(shù)以闡明硒和硒蛋白減少妊娠相關(guān)并發(fā)癥(如先兆子癇)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的潛在分子和生物化學(xué)機(jī)制。在本綜述中,目前正在進(jìn)行的實(shí)驗(yàn)和薈萃分析應(yīng)該很快就能得出適當(dāng)?shù)慕ㄗh。目前,向孕婦銷售的含硒補(bǔ)充劑的使用量很大,而在發(fā)達(dá)國家,孕婦食用此類補(bǔ)充劑的比例非常高,這使得研究者們越來越難將受試者(孕婦)納入隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)。
綜上所述,關(guān)于硒和硒蛋白在女性生殖中的改善作用的現(xiàn)有證據(jù)水平和質(zhì)量都很高,但是這類研究的數(shù)量還不足以得出可靠的結(jié)論。因此,闡明補(bǔ)充硒和含硒蛋白(如GPX、SELENOP、SELENOS)對卵巢功能、妊娠相關(guān)并發(fā)癥和女性整體生殖能力的潛在影響將具有巨大價(jià)值。
原文:Qazi I, Angel C, Yang H, et al. Selenium, Selenoproteins, and Female Reproduction: A Review[J]. Molecules, 2018, 23(12): 3053.
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關(guān)鍵詞:女性生育;繁殖;GPX1;不孕;卵巢功能;氧化應(yīng)激;子癇前期;硒;硒蛋白
1. 引言
硒(Se)是一種在分子和組織水平上對動(dòng)物和人體健康具有多種重要功能的必需微量元素,與多種病理生理學(xué)相關(guān)[1]。硒的生物功能主要通過硒蛋白(由25種人類基因和24種小鼠基因編碼的含硒蛋白)形式來實(shí)現(xiàn),報(bào)道顯示,真核生物、古細(xì)菌、真細(xì)菌這三個(gè)生命領(lǐng)域都存在硒蛋白,此外,在病毒中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了硒蛋白的存在[2-4]。作為硒蛋白的組成成分,硒具有結(jié)構(gòu)功能和酶相關(guān)功能。在后者中硒的催化和抗氧化活性被廣泛認(rèn)知[1]。
所有發(fā)現(xiàn)的哺乳動(dòng)物的硒蛋白中,只有少數(shù)硒蛋白被發(fā)現(xiàn)具有功能活性[4]。雖然這些硒蛋白作用的分子通路和所具有重要生物功能都各有不同,但它們至少都含有一種硒代半胱氨酸(Sec,一種含硒氨基酸,它是第21種自然形成的氨基酸,與其它翻譯后修飾的氨基酸不同,硒代氨基酸能通過生物合成嵌入到蛋白質(zhì)中[3,5]),并且其中大部分都能發(fā)揮氧化還原酶的作用[4,6]。包括DNA的脫氧核糖核苷合成、清除有害過氧化物、被氧化的蛋白和細(xì)胞膜的還原、調(diào)控氧化還原信號(hào)、甲狀腺激素代謝、蛋白質(zhì)折疊和硒的運(yùn)輸和貯存在內(nèi)的多種重要細(xì)胞生理活動(dòng)均被發(fā)現(xiàn)需依賴于硒蛋白進(jìn)行[4]。在此,我們選擇了一些與繁育、生殖和發(fā)育相關(guān)的哺乳動(dòng)物硒蛋白,并簡述總結(jié)于表1中。
硒通常以有機(jī)硒或無機(jī)硒的形式被攝取。硒形態(tài)對其在健康和組織生長方面的潛在益處和或毒性效應(yīng)有重要影響[7,40,41]。因此,對植源和動(dòng)物源食物中的硒形態(tài)的考量是十分重要的,此外,我們還需要對硒被植物吸收,以及在動(dòng)物體內(nèi)代謝的相關(guān)生物機(jī)制進(jìn)行闡明[42]。近期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),膳食硒的總攝入量和硒形態(tài)均對健康效應(yīng)有著重要影響,不過,硒形態(tài)對健康效應(yīng)的影響可能會(huì)相對更大[42]。不同哺乳動(dòng)物的硒推薦攝入量可見表2。
一些哺乳動(dòng)物研究驗(yàn)證了硒水平與男性[52,53]、女性[53,54]生殖功能之間的關(guān)系?,F(xiàn)有證據(jù)表明,硒在多種不良妊娠健康情況中具有重要意義,如子癇前期,自身免疫性甲狀腺疾病、流產(chǎn)和早產(chǎn)[29]。此外,缺硒或許對生育率下降、胎盤滯留和生殖疾病的發(fā)生(如子宮炎)具有重要影響[55]。硒增加帶來的生育率的增加或可歸因于妊娠30天內(nèi)的胚胎死亡率的下降[55]。大多數(shù)的女性研究主要集中在硒在妊娠中的作用[56-60],但最近也有關(guān)于硒在卵母細(xì)胞的發(fā)展和卵巢生理方面的潛能的相關(guān)研究被報(bào)道[8,53,61]。
2.硒和硒蛋白的運(yùn)輸
研究顯示,缺硒會(huì)導(dǎo)致硒蛋白濃度的下降[62]。Bosl及其同事發(fā)現(xiàn),純合子Trsp(-/-)胚胎合成硒蛋白的能力低下促進(jìn)了其胚胎死亡[63]。硒蛋白合成由tRNASec介導(dǎo),然而tRNASec自身的數(shù)量并不太可能限制硒蛋白合成,反而硒自身的可用性可能發(fā)揮了重要作用[63]。因此,孕婦為胚胎或胎兒提供硒對硒蛋白的合成是必需的[14]。硒經(jīng)胎盤進(jìn)行的運(yùn)輸具有雙向性,或會(huì)影響硒在孕婦、胎兒和新生兒組織中的凈滯留[7,64]。硒是否容易穿過女性胎盤組織或滲透包含在胎盤組織中目前仍不太清楚[7,65]。小鼠血漿中的兩種細(xì)胞外硒蛋白(硒蛋白P和谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶3(Gpx3))含有97%的硒[14,66]。硒蛋白P主要在肝臟中合成,再將硒運(yùn)往其它大部分組織[14,67],然而關(guān)于Gpx3在硒運(yùn)輸方面的作用的信息卻相對缺乏[14]。硒蛋白P的運(yùn)輸由載脂蛋白E受體2所介導(dǎo),后者可作為體循環(huán)中的硒發(fā)生細(xì)胞內(nèi)吞作用的媒介[14]。與其它組織和器官中的apoER2類似,胎盤中的apoER2似乎也能攝入硒蛋白P[14]。最近有報(bào)道表明硒蛋白P和Gpx3都可能參與了硒從孕婦到發(fā)育中的胚胎組織器官中的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)[14]。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)為硒的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)機(jī)制(卵黃囊與胎盤機(jī)制)提供了思路[14]。
小鼠實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),胚胎卵黃囊介導(dǎo)的母-胎硒轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)發(fā)生在妊娠早期,晚期則通過胎盤進(jìn)行[14,68]。胚胎卵黃囊能吸收子宮中含有硒蛋白P和Gpx3的液體進(jìn)而實(shí)現(xiàn)硒運(yùn)輸,而胎盤則通過apoER2介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞內(nèi)吞作用吸收母體血液中的硒蛋白P[14]。這兩種吸收機(jī)制都依賴于硒蛋白并需在特殊機(jī)體環(huán)境下進(jìn)行(如缺硒)[14]。然而,也有研究表明硒的這種運(yùn)輸也可獨(dú)立于硒蛋白P和Gpx3(血漿硒蛋白)進(jìn)行[14]。硒蛋白P和Gpx3基因敲除小鼠能夠在高硒飲食中存活,表明硒到組織還有其它運(yùn)輸途徑[14,66,68]。由此可推斷或許存在兩種特定水平下的硒轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)機(jī)制:低級機(jī)制和高級機(jī)制[14]。低級機(jī)制(可能涉及硒多糖或其它小分子硒化物)似乎并不直接依賴于硒蛋白[14],而高度依賴于妊娠母體的硒水平,這種機(jī)制降低了缺硒條件下的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)效率和在硒充足條件下的有效性 [14,68]。另一方面,高級機(jī)制(硒蛋白P-apoER2機(jī)制[69])即使在膳食硒不足的情況下也能夠根據(jù)需求將硒運(yùn)輸?shù)桨邢蚪M織中[14]。Burk等人發(fā)現(xiàn)胚胎卵黃囊介導(dǎo)的硒運(yùn)輸就具有高等運(yùn)輸機(jī)制的特點(diǎn)[14]。雖然這種運(yùn)輸不由硒蛋白受體介導(dǎo),但它明顯依賴于細(xì)胞對硒蛋白攝入,并在硒缺乏條件下也依然有效[14]。因此,無論是胚胎卵黃囊還是胎盤都能通過高等機(jī)制來實(shí)現(xiàn)母-胎硒運(yùn)輸(硒蛋白依賴),從而為缺硒孕婦的胎兒提供保護(hù)[14,68]。
3.硒蛋白在女性生殖器官中的表達(dá)
無機(jī)硒和有機(jī)硒均與硒蛋白P的表達(dá)調(diào)控相關(guān)[7]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),妊娠期大鼠的胎盤中的硒含量和硒蛋白的表達(dá)水平會(huì)同時(shí)上升[7]。許多硒蛋白如硒蛋白P、碘甲狀腺原氨酸脫碘酶3(Dio3)和硫氧還蛋白還原酶(Txnrd)均會(huì)在子宮內(nèi)表達(dá)[7,70]。同時(shí),有證據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn)GPX1、GPX2、GPX3、GPX4、SELENOS(也被稱為VIMP)、SELENOT、SELENOF、SELENOH、SEPHS2、DIO3、DIO1和SELENOM等其它硒蛋白在牛卵巢顆粒細(xì)胞中也會(huì)表達(dá)[8]。小的、閉塞的牛卵泡中觀察到了健康牛卵泡所沒有的硒蛋白P表達(dá)上調(diào)和GPX1、GPX3表達(dá)下調(diào)[71]。在妊娠期小鼠中還觀察到了胎盤和子宮中硒蛋白P的表達(dá)改變[7,72]。足月小鼠生產(chǎn)前四天其硒蛋白水平出現(xiàn)了不尋常地增長,并達(dá)到了峰值[72]。此外,硒蛋白在小鼠胎兒肝臟中也被發(fā)現(xiàn)具有早期表達(dá)[72]。
甲狀腺激素對哺乳動(dòng)物的生育能力尤為重要,貫穿了胚胎發(fā)育始終[73]。在人類和嚙齒動(dòng)物中,缺乏甲狀腺激素與生育能力降低、發(fā)情周期失調(diào)、子宮結(jié)構(gòu)與著床受損,以及其它哺乳動(dòng)物妊娠問題相關(guān)[73]。Galton及其同事發(fā)現(xiàn),妊娠小鼠的子宮中的Dio3 mRNA具有顯著更高水平的表達(dá)[30]。Dio3的表達(dá)具有時(shí)間和區(qū)域特異性,例如,妊娠第九天發(fā)現(xiàn)子宮中層和抗中層蛻膜中存在Dio3的高度表達(dá)[7,30]。此外,著床位置也可觀察到Dio3 mRNA及其相關(guān)活動(dòng)[30]。Dio3在著床位置上的這種高水平表達(dá)可能是出于對暴露于母體甲狀腺激素中的胎兒發(fā)育的一種保護(hù)[7,30]。此外,在人類胎盤細(xì)胞中,Dio3活性隨胎齡增加而增加[7,74]。有力證據(jù)表明,妊娠期的胎盤組織在調(diào)節(jié)胎兒在母體甲狀腺激素中的暴露水平方面發(fā)揮著重要作用[30]。此外,在合胞體滋養(yǎng)層和細(xì)胞滋養(yǎng)層、胎盤血管內(nèi)皮層和臍帶羊膜、子宮蛻膜、胎兒上皮和非妊娠子宮內(nèi)膜中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了較高的Dio3表達(dá)[31]。這些研究結(jié)果表明,甲狀腺激素水平的區(qū)域性調(diào)控對女性生育的全部階段都具有重要作用[31]。其它一些因素也被認(rèn)為對胎盤和子宮具有影響[7]。硫氧還蛋白還原酶(TPX)和TXNRD在人類和嚙齒動(dòng)物胎盤中也具有區(qū)域特異性表達(dá)[7,75,76]。組織化學(xué)觀察表明,這兩種蛋白酶都集中在子宮內(nèi)膜和干細(xì)胞間質(zhì)細(xì)胞的胚胎滋養(yǎng)層和上皮組織中[7,75,76],有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),這兩種蛋白能在炎癥環(huán)境下保護(hù)胎盤組織。
4.硒在卵泡發(fā)育和卵巢功能中的作用
卵巢顆粒細(xì)胞的生長是卵泡發(fā)育過程(如卵泡形成)的一個(gè)重要特征。初級小濾泡的增殖(伴隨著更少的卵巢顆粒細(xì)胞)發(fā)育為排卵前期的成熟卵泡(伴隨著多層細(xì)胞)是卵泡生成過程中的特征性事件[77]。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),硒也許能調(diào)控卵巢顆粒細(xì)胞的生長,成人卵巢體外實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),硒或許還能調(diào)控17β-雌二醇的生物合成[77]。近期研究也證實(shí)了在健康卵泡中硒和硒蛋白水平的上升,這也許是為了在卵泡后期和增殖階段提供重要的抗氧化功能[8]。然而,人們對硒在卵巢功能和發(fā)育中的這種調(diào)節(jié)作用現(xiàn)在仍知之甚少[78]。Grazul-Bilska及其同事研究發(fā)現(xiàn),相較于硒適當(dāng)組(6μg/kg bw),孕期膳食中的高硒水平(80μg/kg bw)抑制了初級、次生、竇卵泡、基質(zhì)和羊水中胎兒血管系統(tǒng)的生長。伴隨著高硒飲食,原始卵泡增殖數(shù)和原始卵泡標(biāo)記指數(shù)(增殖細(xì)胞百分比)出現(xiàn)下降[78]。
4.1 體外和動(dòng)物模型試驗(yàn)證據(jù)
亞硒酸鈉(無機(jī)硒)不僅能促進(jìn)卵母細(xì)胞生長,還能提高膜細(xì)胞和顆粒細(xì)胞的增殖率。為了驗(yàn)證這一假設(shè),Basini和Tamanini進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)體外實(shí)驗(yàn),結(jié)果表明補(bǔ)充亞硒酸鈉(5ng/ml)促進(jìn)了牛顆粒細(xì)胞的增殖,并對E2合成起到了一定刺激作用。這些作用可以至少部分通過抑制一氧化氮的生成來實(shí)現(xiàn)[77]。此外,這些作用還可能受到了顆粒細(xì)胞中的某些未知的硒依賴性抗氧化酶的影響[77]。在另一項(xiàng)體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中,Kamada和Ikumo發(fā)現(xiàn)在培養(yǎng)基中添加5和200ppb的硒能促進(jìn)牛黃體細(xì)胞的增殖,并具有抑制ROS危害的潛力[79]。GPX還被發(fā)現(xiàn)能刺激FSH的活性來抑制培養(yǎng)的大鼠卵巢中卵泡的凋亡[80]。另外,缺硒被證明能促進(jìn)大鼠的卵巢退化和卵泡閉鎖[81]。最近,Yao及其同事進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)體外研究來闡明硒在山羊黃體顆粒細(xì)胞增殖和甾體激素生物合成中作用的潛在機(jī)制[61]。增殖細(xì)胞核抗原(PCNA)、Akt、磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)等生物標(biāo)記物表主要在卵巢卵母細(xì)胞和顆粒細(xì)胞中表達(dá)[61]。黃體顆粒細(xì)胞增殖能被5ng/ml硒顯著刺激[61]。這種增殖或許是通過上調(diào)PCNA、周期依賴激酶1(CDK1)、磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶(p-AMPK,Thr172)和磷酸化Akt(p-Akt,Ser473)等生物標(biāo)記物的表達(dá)和下調(diào)p21的表達(dá)來實(shí)現(xiàn)的[61]。同樣,用硒處理還促進(jìn)了雌二醇分泌,并顯著上調(diào)了抗氧化酶(GPX和SOD2)和甾類生成相關(guān)基因(3β-HSD和StAR)的表達(dá)[61]。此外,最近還有研究聚焦于硒在牛卵巢組織中的生物積累[8]。Ceko及其同事通過射線熒光成像技術(shù)成功在大的、健康的卵泡中鑒定出了硒,同時(shí),與黃體相比,在牛卵泡的細(xì)胞膜上鑒定出了高出黃體10倍左右的硒含量[8]。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)均表明,抗氧化型的硒蛋白主要在卵泡中發(fā)揮潛在作用,例如,在升高的ROS及其相關(guān)氧化損傷中保護(hù)卵泡。
4.2 人類研究證據(jù)
女性生殖與硒水平、硒依賴性GPX催化活性之間的關(guān)系在極少數(shù)的幾項(xiàng)研究中得到了驗(yàn)證,這些研究發(fā)現(xiàn),低硒與低濾泡液水平與更高的不孕癥發(fā)生有關(guān)[82]。1995年,Paszkowski及其同事首次在人類濾泡液中發(fā)現(xiàn)了硒,其中的酶活性表現(xiàn)出硒依賴性[10]。研究者們還評估了來自112位患者陰道卵母細(xì)胞的135個(gè)濾泡液樣本,發(fā)現(xiàn)相較于那些知曉病因的不孕癥患者(如輸卵管不孕或與男性因素相關(guān)的不孕),具有特發(fā)性不孕癥的患者的濾泡硒水平顯著降低[10]?;谠摪l(fā)現(xiàn),研究者們推測,濾泡微環(huán)境中的含硒酶GPX的抗氧化活性或許在配子發(fā)生和受精過程中發(fā)揮了重要作用[10]。最近,Ceko的研究團(tuán)隊(duì)提出GPX1在測定卵泡生長、成熟和優(yōu)勢中具有重要作用[8]?;诖?,源自卵丘卵母細(xì)胞復(fù)合體(COCs)的人類卵丘細(xì)胞(CCs)被用于體外受精(IVF)和卵母細(xì)胞胞漿內(nèi)單精子注射[8]。這些在胚胎移植前從COCs中恢復(fù)的CCs在妊娠期中的GPX1表達(dá)明顯高于那些妊娠失敗者[8]。許多研究者們還發(fā)現(xiàn)在膳食硒缺乏的情況下會(huì)出現(xiàn)GPX1表達(dá)下降,這表明部分卵巢疾病也許能通過補(bǔ)硒進(jìn)行改善[8]。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)將會(huì)成為飲食硒攝入、GPX1的體內(nèi)表達(dá)、排卵相關(guān)疾病等相關(guān)流行病學(xué)研究的基礎(chǔ)[8,9]。
5. 硒在卵巢病理及輔助生殖技術(shù)相關(guān)的氧化應(yīng)激中的意義
氧化應(yīng)激、女性生育能力降低和缺硒之間的相關(guān)性是另一個(gè)需要我們調(diào)查和研究的領(lǐng)域[83]。一個(gè)有益的事實(shí)是,子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥(如多囊性子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥)中ROS的過度生成可能導(dǎo)致硒的過度消耗(因硒的抗氧化作用)。低硒水平則會(huì)導(dǎo)致伴隨著ROS增加的氧化還原水平失衡,后者被認(rèn)為是多囊卵巢綜合癥的誘發(fā)因素。無論如何,機(jī)體的低硒水平會(huì)導(dǎo)致對自由基誘導(dǎo)損傷的防御下降,這或許可歸因于硒參與硒蛋白的形成并與其抗氧化能力密切相關(guān)[84]。
5.1 人類研究
對患有不孕癥或原發(fā)性卵巢功能不全(POI)的卵巢自身免疫性患者的鑒定也許可借鑒化療、環(huán)境、遺傳和輻射相關(guān)因素患者并尋找替代治療方案[85]。硒結(jié)合蛋白1(SBP1)對卵巢自身免疫相關(guān)的不孕癥和POI具有特殊意義[85]。Edassery及其同事在特發(fā)性不孕癥的婦女中發(fā)現(xiàn)了與血清自身抗體相關(guān)的抗原分子。在患有特發(fā)性不孕癥和卵巢功能早衰的女性中發(fā)現(xiàn)了明顯更高水平的SBP1[85]。印度的Singh等人研究了經(jīng)歷過體外受精(IVF)的子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥和輸卵管不孕癥的女性的濾泡液中的氧化應(yīng)激標(biāo)記物,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)與對照相比,子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥患者的濾泡液中的ROS和丙二醛生成顯著增加[86]。此外,相較于長期輸卵管不孕不育的女性,子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥合并不孕的女性濾泡液中的硒水平顯著降低[86]。2013年土耳其的一項(xiàng)研究表明,36位患有多囊卵巢綜合征的女性的血漿硒水平顯著低于對照組(n=33,BMI健康女性)[87]。這些多囊卵巢綜合征女性患者的硒水平降低可能與高雄激素血癥有關(guān)[87]。
此外,適量補(bǔ)充包括硒在內(nèi)的微量元素被發(fā)現(xiàn)也許能顯著影響濾泡微環(huán)境中的氧化還原平衡,從而影響IVF結(jié)果[88]。最近兩項(xiàng)關(guān)于ART的臨床試驗(yàn)(Luddi等[88]和Jimenez Tunon等[89])發(fā)現(xiàn),補(bǔ)硒(以微量元素形式)也許能改善IVF結(jié)局(表3)。這些研究均因其樣本量過少而存在局限性,另一局限性在于這兩項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)均是將硒與其它微量元素合用進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充,因而不能完全排除其它微量元素的影響。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)或許能在一定程度上為臨床醫(yī)生應(yīng)對經(jīng)IVF治療的女性時(shí)提供一些參考[88]。然而,我們?nèi)孕鑼υ袐D在懷孕期間的營養(yǎng)進(jìn)行的機(jī)械和流行病學(xué)研究,特別是對多種微量營養(yǎng)素及其相互作用的研究,來充分闡明這些因素在成功生育和懷孕中的重要性[90]。
5.2 體外研究
一般來說,胚胎因比成年人更低的抗氧化酶活性從而使其對氧化損傷尤為敏感[91,92]。為了維持胚胎的生存能力與質(zhì)量,一般需要特定的培養(yǎng)基。雖然,許多胚胎的培養(yǎng)環(huán)境容易實(shí)現(xiàn),但要實(shí)現(xiàn)胚胎發(fā)育的最優(yōu)環(huán)境卻具一定的困難。目前,一項(xiàng)關(guān)于促進(jìn)囊胚發(fā)育物質(zhì)的研究正在進(jìn)行[93,94]。為了確保所培養(yǎng)的細(xì)胞中的硒蛋白能正常進(jìn)行生物合成,主流培養(yǎng)基中往往都會(huì)添加硒元素[94-96]。具有酶促活性的GPX不僅依賴于硒和維生素B6,同時(shí)也依賴于谷胱甘肽(GSH)活性[97]。豬卵母細(xì)胞中的GSH的數(shù)量不僅與受精相關(guān),也與促進(jìn)胚胎著床發(fā)育相關(guān)。胚胎期的GSH會(huì)不斷減少,并在在囊胚期達(dá)到最低點(diǎn)。值得注意的是,在這一時(shí)期,內(nèi)源性ROS的水平將達(dá)到最高[98]。由此可推斷,GSH的降低與ROS的升高對正常分化過程具有一定的功能性意義[99,100]。此外,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ROS或許對小鼠胚泡中的細(xì)胞凋亡發(fā)揮著重要調(diào)控作用[99]。
在胚胎培養(yǎng)基中添加硒能減少氧化損傷、調(diào)控細(xì)胞凋亡進(jìn)而提高豬單性生殖胚胎的發(fā)育能力和總體質(zhì)量[94]。在培養(yǎng)基中添加亞硒酸鈉(2.5和25ng/ml)也被發(fā)現(xiàn)能提高囊胚率、細(xì)胞數(shù)和內(nèi)細(xì)胞群比例,從而減少豬孤雌生殖胚胎中的細(xì)胞凋亡,以及BAX/BCL-xL基因比值和Caspase3的表達(dá),并提高其GPX和ERK1/2的表達(dá)[94]。此外,補(bǔ)硒還能提高體外成熟卵母細(xì)胞細(xì)胞內(nèi)的GPX濃度和活性,調(diào)控基因表達(dá),改善體外受精的牛胚胎的囊胚發(fā)育和質(zhì)量。近期中國的一個(gè)研究團(tuán)隊(duì)研究了濾泡液中的硒濃度和補(bǔ)硒對細(xì)胞分裂的影響,CCs中DNA的完整性,卵母細(xì)胞的發(fā)育能力,去除卵丘的卵母細(xì)胞中的GPX活性,和體外培育的牦牛卵母細(xì)胞中的硒相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)[53]。隨著在體外培養(yǎng)基中添加硒(2和4μg/ml亞硒酸鈉),與對照組(0μg/ml亞硒酸鈉)相比,加硒組中所培養(yǎng)的卵丘細(xì)胞中的DNA損傷顯著降低。同時(shí),總GPX活性、囊胚形成率以及硒相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)都被顯著上調(diào)[53]。
另一項(xiàng)體外研究聚焦于亞硒酸鈉的作用。Abedelahi的實(shí)驗(yàn)組研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在培養(yǎng)基中添加5或10ng/ml亞硒酸鈉能減輕從玻璃化和非玻璃化卵巢組織中獲得的竇前卵泡中由ROS引起的氧化應(yīng)激,并提高其總抗氧化能力(TAC)和GPX活性[101]。此外,硒處理組的卵泡、卵母細(xì)胞和胚胎的發(fā)育率也顯著上升[101]。同樣的,在其早期的體外研究中,該研究團(tuán)隊(duì)也發(fā)現(xiàn)在培養(yǎng)基中添加5和10ng/ml亞硒酸鈉將會(huì)對卵泡和卵母細(xì)胞的生長和生存能力發(fā)揮出出劑量依賴性的改善作用,這些作用或可歸因于硒能以劑量依賴的方式發(fā)揮廣譜抗氧化能力[102]。綜上所述,這些發(fā)現(xiàn)可在某種程度上為促進(jìn)體外卵母細(xì)胞成熟以及提高哺乳動(dòng)物卵母細(xì)胞和胚胎的發(fā)育能力提供一些參考,也可作為該領(lǐng)域未來研究的基礎(chǔ)。
6.母體補(bǔ)充膳食硒的作用
在妊娠期間,母體補(bǔ)充膳食硒不僅能加強(qiáng)抗氧化活性,促進(jìn)雌二醇、孕酮和T4生成,還能提高機(jī)體對主要營養(yǎng)成分的新陳代謝[103]。最近幾項(xiàng)研究評估了使用有機(jī)硒或無機(jī)硒合并其它維生素(如VB6)對母體進(jìn)行營養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充的作用。結(jié)果表明,VB6對有機(jī)硒在硒依賴性GPX的抗氧化防御系統(tǒng)中的代謝有著重要作用[104-106]。補(bǔ)充膳食硒對母體的氧化應(yīng)激、抗氧化活性、胚胎發(fā)育和生育能力的影響相關(guān)的一系列動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)被總結(jié)在表4中。
7.硒和胎盤中的氧化應(yīng)激
補(bǔ)硒對GPX和TXNRD等內(nèi)源性抗氧化酶的表達(dá)和活性是非常重要的。在細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)中,補(bǔ)硒緩解了細(xì)胞模型中的氧化應(yīng)激引發(fā)的損傷,從而為微量元素補(bǔ)充劑在減輕某些妊娠相關(guān)疾病中的安全效用和關(guān)鍵機(jī)制提供了些許思路[32,110-112]。胎盤中的氧化應(yīng)激對妊娠并發(fā)癥(如子癇前期,子宮內(nèi)生長受限,妊娠期糖尿病和早產(chǎn))的病理生理和發(fā)生具有重要意義[110]。充分闡明胎盤氧化應(yīng)激引起的胚胎滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞凋亡的相關(guān)機(jī)制也許能為先兆子癇的預(yù)防提供新的干預(yù)措施,據(jù)報(bào)道,先兆子癇為美國帶來了每年超過8萬的早產(chǎn)兒,在全球范圍內(nèi)造成了每年約七萬五千名產(chǎn)婦的死亡[19,111]。近期一些報(bào)道揭示了硒提高整體滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞的線粒體功能和生物合成的潛在機(jī)制[32,59,110-112]。這些結(jié)果表明,硒帶來的這些益處是通過提高抗氧化功能、減少ROS產(chǎn)物從而保護(hù)線粒體功能并增加線粒體生物合成來實(shí)現(xiàn)的[112]。此外,SELENOH被發(fā)現(xiàn)能激活NRF1和PGC-1α等轉(zhuǎn)錄因子來促進(jìn)胚胎滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞中的線粒體生物合成[113]。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)有助于闡明滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞對氧化應(yīng)激的響應(yīng)機(jī)制,以及硒如何調(diào)控相關(guān)基因,進(jìn)而通過調(diào)節(jié)線粒體功能來改善細(xì)胞存活率及其侵襲能力[114]。補(bǔ)硒在改善胎盤滋養(yǎng)層細(xì)胞系的線粒體生物合成和功能的近期相關(guān)研究匯總于表5中。
8.硒對妊娠的影響
大量研究已經(jīng)證實(shí),硒參與了GPX、SELENOP、TXNRD族等硒蛋白的生物合成,從而對妊娠有著重要作用,尤其是在妊娠期間氧化應(yīng)激增加的情況下[115]。因此,抗氧化防御機(jī)制對調(diào)控氧化應(yīng)激極其重要,甚至還與圍產(chǎn)期發(fā)病率和死亡率相關(guān)[116-118]。值得注意的是,硒水平與妊娠并發(fā)癥進(jìn)展的關(guān)系現(xiàn)在仍未被充分闡明。然而,低硒水平與不良胚胎結(jié)局之間的關(guān)系已被證實(shí)。大量橫截面和病例對照實(shí)驗(yàn)并未發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者之間存在明顯的因果關(guān)系。因此我們可以推斷,妊娠并發(fā)癥及隨后結(jié)果可能與低硒水平有關(guān),也可能僅僅是母體對氧化應(yīng)激狀態(tài)升高的簡單生理反應(yīng)[119]。
“妊娠前硒水平是否比妊娠期硒水平對預(yù)防妊娠高血壓更重要?”這一假設(shè)目前仍需進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證[15]。一般來說,硒水平可能會(huì)對卵母細(xì)胞發(fā)育、受精以及著床帶來影響[8,15]。因此推薦的做法是在妊娠期增加硒攝入[120]。此外,一些關(guān)于硒對生殖健康作用的研究推薦的妊娠期最佳補(bǔ)硒時(shí)間點(diǎn)差異較大。因此,迄今為止補(bǔ)硒的最佳時(shí)間依然沒有定論[121]。與硒相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵信息缺乏,在很大程度上得到了其他報(bào)告的補(bǔ)充,這些報(bào)告鼓勵(lì)進(jìn)一步闡明補(bǔ)充微量元素的時(shí)間點(diǎn)對妊娠結(jié)果的潛在影響[122,123]。2017年,Mamon和Ramos進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)小鼠研究指出,妊娠期間補(bǔ)硒(3.0μg/d)的最佳時(shí)間在于圍孕期的不同階段[121]。與對照組及妊娠前-妊娠期補(bǔ)硒組相比,研究者們僅在妊娠前補(bǔ)硒組和僅在妊娠期補(bǔ)硒組中觀察到了囊胚質(zhì)量的提高和胚胎植入前的損失降低[121]。這些結(jié)果表明,妊娠前和妊娠期是圍孕期補(bǔ)硒的兩個(gè)最佳時(shí)間段,僅在其中一個(gè)時(shí)期補(bǔ)硒能提高囊胚的發(fā)育能力和胚胎植入的成功率[121]。
最近,一項(xiàng)小樣本實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,硒與多種妊娠并發(fā)癥相關(guān)[15,37,124,125]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),基線硒水平的人群的血清硒與SELENOP水平正相關(guān)[124]。此外,在正常懷孕期間,全血硒濃度因妊娠發(fā)生下降了12%[37,126,127]。血漿體積相同的情況下,妊娠期全血硒濃度下降的另一可能原因在于硒通過在胎盤中高度表達(dá)的SELENOP被轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)給了胎兒[68,72]。相反,更高的硒水平則與更低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的流產(chǎn)和早產(chǎn)相關(guān)。一些隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)表明,高硒攝入或高硒水平對子癇前癥和自身免疫性甲狀腺疾病有益。硒能改善氧化應(yīng)激、內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激和炎癥(圖1),從而保護(hù)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng),調(diào)控類二十烷酸的生成,調(diào)控血管張力,以及抑制感染,這些對妊娠期可能都是至關(guān)重要的[29]。
英國的一項(xiàng)覆蓋了230名初產(chǎn)孕婦的雙盲安慰劑對照先導(dǎo)實(shí)驗(yàn)中,將妊娠12-14周的孕婦隨機(jī)分組并為其提供60μg/d富硒酵母或安慰劑直至分娩[37]。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),補(bǔ)硒組在12-35周之間的全血硒濃度顯著增加,而安慰劑組則顯著降低。同樣的,補(bǔ)硒組在妊娠35周時(shí)的全血硒和血漿SELENOP水平顯著高于安慰劑組[37]。此外,該研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)補(bǔ)硒和血清可溶性血管內(nèi)皮生長因子受體-1(sFlt-1)呈負(fù)相關(guān),表明補(bǔ)硒有益于限制sFlt-1的生成從而具有抗血管生成的能力,并有益于改善子癇前期的病理生理。這是唯一調(diào)查并得出了“低硒水平人群補(bǔ)硒與子癇前期風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)”結(jié)果的研究[37]。此外,最近一項(xiàng)報(bào)告顯示波蘭孕婦孕周硒水平逐月下降,導(dǎo)致大量孕婦發(fā)展成嚴(yán)重缺硒。妊娠期女性的平均硒和SELENOP水平也被發(fā)現(xiàn)在不斷下降[124]。該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在所有組的孕婦的三個(gè)月妊娠期中,硒與SELENOP濃度正相關(guān)[124]。相同現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)在最近另一項(xiàng)關(guān)于波蘭母親與子女定群的研究中:孕婦的血漿硒濃度從第一個(gè)月到第三個(gè)月下降了23%(48.3+/-10.6到37.3+/-9.8μg/L)[125]。
子宮內(nèi)生長受限是圍產(chǎn)期死亡率的首要原因,影響了10-15%孕婦[128,129]。有報(bào)道顯示,更高水平的ROS和炎癥生物標(biāo)記物在子宮內(nèi)生長限制的發(fā)育和病理過程中起重要作用[130,131]。Mesdaghinia及其同事開展的一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)雙盲安慰劑對照試驗(yàn)以研究補(bǔ)硒對子宮內(nèi)生長限制高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)孕婦(n=60)的臨床癥狀和代謝狀況的影響[131]。
硒還與其它妊娠并發(fā)癥相關(guān),如習(xí)慣性流產(chǎn)[56,132,133]、小于胎齡兒[119,134]和產(chǎn)后甲狀腺功能不足[135]。一些隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)和觀察性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),硒能減少甲狀腺過氧化物酶抗體水平以及甲狀腺功能減退和產(chǎn)后甲狀腺疾病的發(fā)生[136]。甲狀腺過氧化物酶抗體陽性的孕婦將會(huì)有更高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)發(fā)展成產(chǎn)后甲狀腺功能不全(PPTD)和永久性甲狀腺功能減退[135]。而硒被發(fā)現(xiàn)能減輕自身免疫性甲狀腺炎患者的甲狀腺炎[135]。一項(xiàng)關(guān)于甲狀腺過氧化物酶抗體陽性(TPOAb陽性)孕婦的高質(zhì)量隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)[135]發(fā)現(xiàn),與安慰劑對照組相比,每天補(bǔ)充200μg硒代蛋氨酸顯著減少了TPOAb效價(jià),降低了甲狀腺炎、產(chǎn)后甲狀腺疾病和永久性甲狀腺功能減退的發(fā)生[135]。雖然現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)證明補(bǔ)硒能以某種方式有益于減少缺硒孕婦并發(fā)癥發(fā)生,然而,正在開展或未來將要開展的干預(yù)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果可能會(huì)加強(qiáng)或否定增加硒攝入的觀點(diǎn)。
9.硒和硒蛋白對生殖系統(tǒng)癌癥的影響
人們關(guān)于硒在癌癥發(fā)生和癌癥治療方面的作用已經(jīng)爭論了數(shù)十年,硒蛋白會(huì)預(yù)防、抑制還是促進(jìn)癌癥發(fā)展目前仍爭論不休[137]。卵巢癌是女性第五大癌癥死因,具有最高的總體死亡率和較低的五年生存率[138]。超過90%的卵巢癌是上皮性卵巢癌(EOC),EOC中包括了病理和分子學(xué)特征不同的多種類型[138]。一些文獻(xiàn)證據(jù)表明,硒和硒蛋白能在卵巢癌等女性生殖系統(tǒng)癌癥中發(fā)揮作用 [139]。與健康女性相比,患有宮頸良性腫瘤及癌癥、子宮體癌或卵巢癌的女性的血漿硒和GPX活性顯著降低[140]。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)表明,患有女性生殖系統(tǒng)相關(guān)腫瘤的女性往往伴隨著更低的抗氧化能力(與硒相關(guān))[140]。Agnani等發(fā)現(xiàn),患有乳頭狀漿液性卵巢癌的女性的GPX3活性呈階段依賴性降低[139]。同時(shí),在腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)的女性患者中的血漿GPX3水平也被觀察到出現(xiàn)降低,且當(dāng)患者和對照組只納入50歲以上的女性時(shí),這些水平依賴性降低變得更加明顯[139]。此外,在大鼠和人類中觀察到在所有級別的子宮內(nèi)膜腺癌中均出現(xiàn)了GPX3下調(diào)[139,141]。一些早期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),細(xì)胞上皮性卵巢癌組織中的GPX3高于對照組[142-144]。雖然其潛在分子學(xué)機(jī)制未被充分闡明,但這些結(jié)果已經(jīng)表明GPX3活性存在腫瘤特異性[138]。在一項(xiàng)近期研究中,Wu及其同事發(fā)現(xiàn)六氟化鉑敏感組中的GPX3相較于六氟化鉑耐受組被下調(diào)[138]。故此可推斷,GPX3抑制腫瘤的作用機(jī)制可能主要?dú)w因于啟動(dòng)子的超甲基化、c-Met表達(dá)的失調(diào)以及能清除有害自由基的抗氧化酶的作用[138]。然而,GPX3響應(yīng)抗腫瘤藥物的這種潛在機(jī)制中仍然存在大量未知,需要進(jìn)一步闡明[138]。不過,硒和硒蛋白的這些作用也許能為生殖系統(tǒng)癌癥的靶向治療和預(yù)防提供策略。
10.總結(jié)
在本綜述中,我們綜合闡述了硒與硒蛋白在生殖以及一些與動(dòng)物、人類生育相關(guān)疾病中的作用。從早期動(dòng)物和人類研究中可看出,硒與硒蛋白能調(diào)控抗氧化平衡,因而對女性的最優(yōu)生殖而言是必需的。
硒與硒蛋白在某些女性生育領(lǐng)域的作用目前仍未被充分闡明,需要進(jìn)一步研究與思考,這些領(lǐng)域包括母體膳食硒攝入對氧化應(yīng)激的影響,硒對胎兒卵巢發(fā)育與功能的影響,補(bǔ)硒對改善胎盤氧化應(yīng)激的作用等。此外,人們對懷孕前時(shí)期的卵巢生理學(xué)方面,尤其是激素合成和卵巢濾泡發(fā)育方面關(guān)注較少,此外,生殖效率和生殖健康也缺乏關(guān)注。最近一些動(dòng)物體外實(shí)驗(yàn)證據(jù)表明硒和硒蛋白在卵母細(xì)胞成熟和受精中具有潛在作用,然而體內(nèi)對照試驗(yàn)仍然大幅度缺乏。此外,硒與硒蛋白在不同卵巢疾?。òò┌Y)中作用的證據(jù)也較少且具有較大不確定性。同時(shí),硒和硒蛋白在改善由輔助生殖技術(shù)(如IVF)和胚胎發(fā)育引起的氧化和氮化應(yīng)激中的作用也未被充分闡明。另外,硒和硒蛋白與女性生殖(動(dòng)物和人類)之間的關(guān)系仍存在許多問題等待人們回答。對這些問題的回答將會(huì)有助于闡明硒這種潛力非凡的微量元素對女性生育及健康的潛在生物功能。
補(bǔ)硒的響應(yīng)曲線呈現(xiàn)U型,這意味著補(bǔ)硒雖然對缺硒個(gè)體有益,但對硒含量充足的個(gè)體或許會(huì)為其帶來健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[145]。因此,我們必須將硒攝入量維持在合理范圍,特別是對那些具有適當(dāng)或高硒水平的人群。關(guān)于補(bǔ)硒對妊娠期的影響,一些在硒水平較低的人群中進(jìn)行的高質(zhì)量隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)呈現(xiàn)出了令人振奮的結(jié)果[37]。然而,這些試驗(yàn)在未來仍需要納入更多樣本數(shù)以闡明硒和硒蛋白減少妊娠相關(guān)并發(fā)癥(如先兆子癇)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的潛在分子和生物化學(xué)機(jī)制。在本綜述中,目前正在進(jìn)行的實(shí)驗(yàn)和薈萃分析應(yīng)該很快就能得出適當(dāng)?shù)慕ㄗh。目前,向孕婦銷售的含硒補(bǔ)充劑的使用量很大,而在發(fā)達(dá)國家,孕婦食用此類補(bǔ)充劑的比例非常高,這使得研究者們越來越難將受試者(孕婦)納入隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)。
綜上所述,關(guān)于硒和硒蛋白在女性生殖中的改善作用的現(xiàn)有證據(jù)水平和質(zhì)量都很高,但是這類研究的數(shù)量還不足以得出可靠的結(jié)論。因此,闡明補(bǔ)充硒和含硒蛋白(如GPX、SELENOP、SELENOS)對卵巢功能、妊娠相關(guān)并發(fā)癥和女性整體生殖能力的潛在影響將具有巨大價(jià)值。
原文:Qazi I, Angel C, Yang H, et al. Selenium, Selenoproteins, and Female Reproduction: A Review[J]. Molecules, 2018, 23(12): 3053.
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